Business Capstone Project Complex Business Structure

Question: Talk about the Business Capstone Project for Complex Business Structure. Answer: Presentation: With the undeniably mind boggling business structure, the job human asset the board has gotten amazingly vital for satisfying all the obligations of the operational procedure. Compelling use of human asset rehearses has permitted associations to keep ability related with the associations for significant stretch of time that is vital for accomplishing supportable development in the market (Aswathappa, 2013). Throughout the years, numerous investigations have been created on the over the HRM idea that has helped associations to satisfy all the obligations in a suitable manner. Despite what might be expected, lean HRM is a generally new idea that fundamentally worried about the representatives social elements and initiative structure that is required for satisfying all the goals identified with operational procedure. Lean HRM has helped associations to use all the cutting edge slants in a suitable manner that permits decreasing the cost identified with the operational procedure. What's more, lean HRM rehearses have likewise assisted with increasing the value of the representatives, which impact them to give their best at the working environment. Lean HRM additionally has helped associations to grow new kind of connection among representatives and the executives (Bamberger, Biron Meshoulam, 2014). Subsequently, it has helped associations to play out a few complex business obligations in a compelling manner. In this examination, the emphasis will be on a few parts of lean HRM practices and its normal effect on the adequacy of the operational procedure. The investigation will concentrate on the compelling improvement of theory with respect to the few parts of lean HRM the executives idea so it can ready to feature the sort of effect it can have on the profitability of the business endeavors. H0: Lean HRM rehearses is more compelling than customary HRM rehearses in the authoritative structure H1: Lean HRM rehearses isn't more powerful than conventional HRM rehearses in the hierarchical structure According to the article by Delahaye (2015), customary HRM process manages a few authoritative exercises that permit satisfying all the duties identified with business forms in a fitting way. Customary HRM essentially centers around the consideration of various approaches and methodology for taking care of various exercises of the associations. In conventional HRM rehearses, prime spotlight gave on the advancement of culture and qualities in the hierarchical system with the goal that representatives can give their best at the work environment. Moreover, Boxall (2014), have featured enrollment and choice procedure is among the prime obligations of the HRM that permits association to satisfy all the duties in a successful manner. Proper determination of abilities is huge for accomplishing economical development in the serious market. Thus, conventional HRM rehearses center around the arrangement exercises at time of enrolling individuals inside the authoritative structure. Customary HR M rehearses additionally manage the distinguishing proof of preparing and improvement needs in a few divisions, which is vital for upgrading the exhibition level of the association. According to the article by Bratton and Gold (2012), conventional HRM rehearses additionally incorporate compelling estimation of the presentation level of the representatives, which permit associations to give successful profession upgrade procedure to the workers. Accordingly, it causes associations to persuade representatives to give their best at the work environment. Likewise, customary HRM rehearses additionally have given spotlight on the viable improvement of the hierarchical structure with the goal that all the exercises can move towards a particular bearing. Then again, lean HRM rehearses center around proceeds with progress techniques so it can ready to satisfy all the duties in a proper way. The emphasis on lean administration strategy is on the productivity level of the operational procedure. According to the article by Edwards et al. (2013) lean HRM process incorporate open correspondence, the board duty, change in authoritative structure, preparing and group working viewpoint that can have significant effect on the hierarchical strategy. For example, lean HRM process has concentrated on proceeds with progress procedure of correspondence system so all representatives can ready to comprehend their jobs and duties in a suitable manner. Besides, lean HRM rehearses center around the compelling assessment of social and ecological change and its normal effect on the hierarchical business points of view. Hence, it permits associations to build up a few prudent strides so as to maintain a strategic distance from any challenges in the operati onal procedure. According to the article by Dias (2016), lean HRM methodology assists with making a partner in the lean transformational process by the uprightness of connections. In this way, it really centers around the viable upgrade of the offered types of assistance of the HR office with the goal that work culture of the association stays unblemished. Lean HRM process additionally not just spotlights on the compelling use of arrange preparing with the goal that workers can ready to deal with a wide range of complex future difficulties in a proper manner. It has additionally permitted the associations to decrease the effect of social change on the workplace that in the long run will make positive effect productivity points of view of business ventures. H0: Organizations need to incorporate lean HRM rehearses for satisfying all the prerequisite of the operational procedure H1: Organizations don't have to incorporate lean HRM rehearses for satisfying all the necessity of the operational procedure According to the article by Hendry (2012), powerful usage of human asset the executives is critical for satisfying all the obligations in a proper way. The prime destinations of lean are to build up a culture for proceeds with improvement of the representative inclusion rate for the hierarchical duties. It has been evaluated that the prime goal of starting lean HRM rehearses is to improve the worth given to the clients. In this manner, lean HRM is attempting to give help to the associations so they can ready to increase supportable development with restricted assets. In the present serious business condition, minimization of operational expense has gotten important for satisfying all the business destinations in a powerful way. According to the article by Martnez-Jurado et al. (2013) lean HRM rehearses centers around the precise usage of the methodology with the goal that it can ready to diminish any wastage of assets. In this manner, it really assists with expanding the proficiency level of the operational procedure, which is essential for accomplishing maintainable development in the market. As featured by Mathis et al. (2016) proceeds with usage of advance innovations has incited workers to become familiar with a few new procedures for satisfying all the duties of the operational procedure. Consequently, it has gotten essential for the HR group to recognize the centrality of preparing prerequisites for the improving the adequacy of the operational procedure. Therefore Jrgens and Krzywdzinski (2013) have referenced that associations need to concentrate on the lean HRM practices to effectively offer some incentive to the clients. Presently, it has been evaluated that giving extra qualities to the clients is basic for accomplishing manageable development in the market. Truth be told, esteem added benefits really assists with creating solid brand picture for a specific association that in the long run help to improve the gainfulness level of a business endeavor. Moreover, it likewise has helped associations to diminish the measure of assets required for satisfying all the n ecessities of the operational methodology. According to the article by Mondy and Martocchio (2016), the consideration of lean methodology in the authoritative condition assists with building up a culture where each representative can add to the dynamic strategy. Thus, lean HRM rehearses really permit associations to upgrade the belongingness among the workers that in the end assists with diminishing representative whittling down rate. Along these lines, it encourages associations to keep ability related with the associations for a significant stretch of time, which in the end make positive effect on the benefit points of view of business venture. According to the article by Nslund (2013) lean HRM rehearses permits associations to distinguish workers who are not being used without limit. Along these lines, it is really helping associations to actualize separate designs for those representatives with the goal that they can ready to give their best at the work environment. Therefore, i t is expanding the viability of the operational procedure, which will make direct effect on the productivity points of view of the association. H0: Organizations need to incorporate lean HRM rehearses for successful use of Six-Sigma structure H1: Organizations don't need to incorporate lean HRM rehearses for successful use of Six-Sigma structure According to the article by Slack, Brandon-Jones and Johnston (2013), associations need to actualize every single methodology that can have positive effect on the benefit points of view. Presently, it can without much of a stretch be comprehended that lean HRM rehearses are among the new marvel that can take a business further towards accomplishing its business objectives in a successful manner. Nonetheless, a few investigations have featured the way that associations need to build up a reasonable arrangement for starting lean methodology in a viable manner. Else, it can make challenges in satisfying all the prerequisites of the operational procedure. Right off the bat, associations need to recognize the nature of offered types of assistance so as to feature the zones where changes should be started in a viable manner (Tyagi et al., 2015). From that point forward, associations need to give prime spotlight on the clients of HR or

Skipping Christmas Essay -- essays research papers

Skipping Christmas begins at the door in an air terminal. Luther and Nora Krank are there with their little girl Blair, hanging tight for a trip to Miami that will inevitably carry her to eastern Peru, where she is going with the Peace Corps. They all state their farewells and the guardians leave. Nora is exceptionally vexed, while Luther isn’t to such an extent. In transit home they stop at a store for white chocolate and pistachios. Luther reluctantly goes in to get it and finds each easily overlooked detail a deterrent. He is effectively irritated, and doesn’t get the white chocolate. Nora then needs to go in the store to get it, and she does as such with much inconvenience. While Nora is in the store, Luther stares off into space about not doing the Christmas season. That night, Nora was anxious. She was pacing and going from space to room. She at long last lay back in bed, rolling and wincing and moving, attempting to get the consideration of Luther so she could discuss Blair’s wellbeing once more. Luther didn’t move, and when Nora was at long last snoozing, he escaped the space to the cellar office to assess last Christmas’s spending. He found that $6,100 was spent on Christmas. With this new data, he brought an excursion down to the movement office during work the following day. He settled on his decision the multi day Island Princess journey. That night, during supper he assaulted Nora with the thought. Utilizing leaflets and spreadsheets, he demonstrated her the realities. She at last acknowledged to skip Christmas, as long as she could at present give $600 to magnanimous gifts.      Later, Nora got a call from the Card Store proprietor, and needed to reveal to him she was not requesting cards, however didn't disclose to him why. Luther, that day, was composing a letter to his associates, revealing to them that he would not be taking an interest in the typical Christmas ceremonies. The following day, the boy troopers stopped by, selling their Christmas trees. Luther needed to disclose to them they were skipping Christmas, and a couple of moments later they found a group congregated at their garage, gazing up at the house. That night, Luther took a walk. He saw his neighbors doing what the Kranks were keeping away from, and he liked it.      It was noon, and Nora was at lunch with two of her companions. The card man called her once more, and she had to reveal to her companions about skipping Christmas, which implied everybody will know before sun-down. During work, Luther wa... ...d Luther dangling horrendously by his lower leg.      The surgeons came and got Luther down, and he disclosed to the whole watching neighborhood what they were doing. Vic Frohmeyer sorted out a gathering rapidly and sent everybody to work. He sent the cop to go get Blair, and the Kranks went inside to rest.      Enrique and Blair came into the air terminal and were found by the cops, who dashed them home. At the point when they returned home they were welcomed by the entire neighborhood. They conversed with everyone and her folks were dazzled with him. Enrique got a ton of reissued blessings from the neighbors and they at that point went to supper. Subsequently, they sang a couple of ditties before Enrique and Martin, the man Nora found in the store, sang and played guitar to a couple of Peruvian Christmas songs.      As the Peruvian melodies proceeded, Luther escaped to the Scheel’s house. He gave them his voyage get-away as a Christmas present. Bev had been given six month’s by her primary care physician. They were overpowered with satisfaction when they were given this. As Luther strolled back over the road, just because, he was loaded up with the delight of Christmas.

What is the Bretton Woods Agreement

What is the Bretton Woods Agreement At the start of the 19th century, free trade, globalization, and international trade became the new economic system and numerous steps have been taken since then to create schemes and policies which ensure the strength of the international monetary system.It’s quite obvious that the world economy has never functioned in a perfect state; however, the aim to attain such has never dwindled.Between 1944 to 1977, the worlds economic system went through the Bretton Woods era; one of the only few successful policies the world powers developed in attempting to attain economic utopia.Even though it only existed for a brief period, it has been termed one of the most powerful international monetary systems.The economic growths and stability of the era were so impressive that there have been numerous talks for the return of the system.As the chart below shows, after the fall of the Bretton Woods System, there has been much financial crisis. This is why the system has been considered again as a solution. Source: Bretton Wood ProjectWHAT IS THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENT? The Bretton Woods Agreement was developed after the Second World War by all Allied nations which participated in the war. It happened in 1944 at Bretton Woods, in New Hampshire.Bound by the agreement, the various nations in participation agreed to maintain a fixed exchange rate at their individual central banks.This fixed rate was between their currencies and the United States dollar.The system was to work in such a way that if a particular nation’s currency value began to fall in relation to the dollar, the bank would purchase its currency.This would be done in foreign exchange markets and would result in the currencys supply lowered simultaneously, raising its price.If on the other hand for currency rises too high, it necessitates that the bank would have to print more, which would result in low price and increased supply.Asides from these the various members of this agreement or system agreed to not engage in trade wars.For instance, a country would not decrease its currency for the sole purpose of trade increment.However, it permitted the nations to regulate their currencies in specific conditions, such as when direct foreign investment is responsible for the destabilization of their economy or readjust currency values in order to stabilize their economy in the aftermath of a war.BRIEF HISTORY OF THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENT AND NOW IT WORKEDAfter the Second World War had ended, Over 40 allied countries, inclusive of Argentina, meet in Bretton Woods, United States, in the Mount Washington Hotel.They had a major motive of this meeting and it was to correct the damages of the post-war era.The post-war era was characterized by international economic chaos, such as beggar-thy-neighbor economic policies, which saw nations trying to get out their depressed conditions embrace them. However, this was done at the expense of other nations.Hence, the overall purpose of the convergence was to enable a st able exchange rate with the secondary purpose of the promotion of world peace.There was agreed for the need of an institutional body for International cooperation with regards to monetary matters.This was so that in the outbreak of worldwide challenges, such as the world war there would exist, an internationally recognized solution, instead of individual nations embracing selfish systems.THE MAKEUP OF THE SYSTEMPrior to the 1944 meeting in Brent Woods, New Hampshire, the need, had been recognized.This recognition sparked discussions between the American and British governments, as well as their economic advisors, who had proposed various plans.These economic advisors included Lord Keynes of the United Kingdom on one hand and Harry Dexter of the United States Treasury on the other.Hence, the Bretton meeting was basically for mere formalization as well as closing the agreements previously embraced.The final decisions that were embraced during the conference at Bretton Woods were major ly from the United States end. This proved the military and economic prowess of America during this period.The fact that power was concentrated in the vault of a few nations and all countries involved had a singleness of mind in reaching a specific goal (of course not in for policies with which these goals were to be achieved).And also, the ability and willingness of the United States to take the reins of leadership were part of the reasons the Bretton Woods Agreement saw much success.HOW IT WORKEDThe system of the Bretton Woods Agreement was created in such a way as to incorporate the positives of both a flexible exchange rate known as flexibility and a fixed rate system like the gold standard which was a stable exchange rate.This occurred because, after the Second World War, the United States of America possessed gold reserves which totaled 705,479,239 ounces or about 20,000 metric tons, which at the time was 60% of the world gold supply.What this implied to the financial confiden ce of the dollar is that it could command a buying rate of 35 dollars per gold ounce, hence making the United States dollar more stable than any other currency post world war 2. Source: Logic TankThis introduced a system termed the adjustable peg rate. The Peg and Exchange Convertibility involved the United States dollar being pegged at a fixed rate to gold at $35 per ounce.All other countries’ currencies were then fixed to the U.S dollar at par value. This value had to be adhered too or defended by selling and buying the dollar in the international currency market.Even though an international central bank didnt exist to create an international currency, and manage its supply, the dollar became the world currency.Using the fixed price of 35 dollars per ounce of gold, all countries involved could now exchange their individual currencies for gold and back.This made the United States dollar as valuable as gold and saw increased belief in the dollar.This agreement afforded the ability of all exchange rates of the nations involved to be fixed for some time, in a 1% band on the pegged rate.It permitted a country to change its gold pegged rate, outside of the 1% band, only in the event that the completion of its payment was made in fundamental disequilibrium.WHY WAS THE UNITED STATES DOLLAR CHOSEN? The United States at the time was the only nation with its currency backed by gold.Whats more, during that period it held three-quarter of the entire worlds monetary gold, due to the gold transferred to the United States by European countries during the world war.This left the dollar as the most powerful currency compared to every other currency.The United States has also had the strongest economy after the Second World War ended, and was considered powerful enough to satisfy the demand of rising global and internalization trade.HANDLING LIQUIDITYIn order to handle international liquidity, and also prevent a recurrence of the gold shortage which happened in the 1920s, as well as the fixed rate fallout of the 1930s, a decision had to be made with regards to the sufficient supply of the official monetary reserves.This was most essential to the eff iciency of the adjustable peg rate. The agreement decided to utilize a system of quotas and subscriptions which showcased each nation’s economic power.The quota of every member of the country was built up of 25% gold, with the remaining 75% being the nations domestic currency.These quotas were vital because they were the determinant of the voting right and the size of foreign currency, which each participant country was allowed to collect from the fund.COMMISSIONS3 commissions were created during the meeting in order to achieve its intended purpose. The first saw Harry Dexter of the United States Treasury at its head.It was designed to develop the International Monetary Fund Articles of Agreement, which was the foundational aspect of the system.The second commission which was led by the United Kingdom’s Lord Keynes was also created to develop the Articles of Agreement; however, it was for the International Reconstruction and Development Bank.It then possessed the goal of financi ng the development and reconstruction of various nations due to the aftermath of the war.Today it is called the World Bank, and still remains a highly influential global body possessing a much greater capacity.The last commission headed by Dr. Eduardo Suarez from Mexico, was delegated to find various other methods of international financial cooperation.OBJECTIVES OF THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTThe Bretton Woods Agreement was made to create an international framework which had many objectives.Below are the things that were meant to be achieved by the Bretton Woods Agreement:1. Stable and Flexible Currency System The major objective and primary focus of the agreement was to introduce a currency system which was not as rigid as the gold standard but was as stable as the Gold standard.Based on the chart below, the public and private debt of the United States was at an all-time low when pegged against gold, so the objective was definitely timely. Source: KitcoThe Gold standard also has lots of weakness which needed to be eliminated.Some of the weaknesses include the high cost of the movement of gold to execute international trade transactions, and the absence of an adequate regulatory mechanism (the gold standard was of more benefit to countries that produced gold at the expense of the world economy).There was a problem with the two-way convertibility between national currency and gold and there was also an inability to match the supply of gold with the increased need for liquidity in the world.2. International Reserve Asset Apart from Gold One of objectives of the system was the need to have an international reserve asset.This was meant to be different from the Gold standard which would be used to make international transactions as well as create an avenue where member countries give loans and make contributions to members who were in need due to the balance of payment deficit.3. Creation of Financial Institutions for Indivi dual National Development Projects Another objective of this agreement was to create institutions that would finance the individual national development projects of member countries and also conduct international monetary policies.This aim was what led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.These institutions were meant to promote international monetary cooperation and also supervise, collaborate and consult on monetary problems.4. Foreign Exchange InterventionThe central banks of member countries apart from the US had the responsibility of maintaining fixed exchange rates between the dollar and their currencies.If the currency of a country was higher than the dollar, the central bank of such a country had to sell its currency in exchange for the dollar; this would bring down the value of the countrys currency.If on the other hand, the value of the currency of a country was low, it would buy its own currency and this would increase the value of t he currency.This was aimed at ensuring that the exchange rate was stable and also aimed at avoiding any form of competitive exchange depreciation.5. Elimination of Foreign Exchange Restrictions This agreement also sought to eliminate any form of foreign exchange restrictions and also the creation of a new efficient system of payments for multilateral trade transactions among member countries.6. Avoidance of Trade War Another objective of the agreement was the avoidance of any form of a trade war.The world had just finished a war that left every nation drained and starting a trade war would further increase global hardship.It was agreed that members could regulate their currencies under certain conditions but they were not supposed to lower their currencies in order to increase trade.If foreign direct investment destabilized their economies, they could take action; they were also permitted to adjust the value of their currency in order to rebuild their economy after the war.THE ROLE PLAYED BY INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) AND WORLD BANK IN THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTThe Bretton Woods Agreement was a financial agreement and such financial institutions needed to be created in order to effectively implement the content of the agreement.With this in mind, two financial institutions, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank were created. Without these two institutions, the aim of the agreement would have been frustrated.The IMF helped in the implementation of the Bretton Woods Agreement by playing some key roles in the economies of the member nations.First, lets explore the roles that were played by the IMF in the Bretton Woods Agreement.It is important to note that the implementation of many of the contents of the agreement was anchored on the IMF, if it didnt exist, the Agreement wouldnt have seen the light of day.The IMF helped to bail countries out of the financial difficulties that arise from the loss of the value of their currency especially whe n the country is going bankrupt. They could go to the IMF and borrow from it in order to adjust the value of their currency.If they didnt have some sort of global central bank where they could borrow from, they would have resorted to raising interest rates or even trade barriers and if this persisted it could lead to a trade war, which was what the Bretton Woods Agreement didnt want.Despite the fact that the IMF functioned as a world central bank, it was not given the power of a global central bank such as printing of money when needed.Instead of printing money, the IMF got her money from the fixed pool of national currencies and gold that was contributed to it by member countries.It was on the basis of these contributions that members could borrow money from IMF whenever the need arose. The countries could however only borrow within the limits of their contributions.The IMF also facilitated the expansion of international world trade and this promoted and sustained income and high l evel of employment.In addition, the IMF reduced foreign exchange restrictions among the member countries; this was achieved by designing an acceptable payment system for multilateral trade among its members.It also ensured that there was exchange stability and exchange arrangements were made among its members to prevent any form of competitive exchange depreciation.Furthermore, the IMF assisted in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments which helped members to make payments for transactions among themselves.This also helped to eliminate any form of foreign exchange restrictions that could hamper the growth of world trade.The second financial institution that was created as a result of the Bretton Woods Agreement was the World Bank.The World Bank was another major source of financial support to member nations whose economies were crumbling as a result of the war that had just ended.There was however a flaw in the operation of the World Bank because even though it was c reated to give assistance to member countries, it only lent to the European countries that were ravaged physically and economically by the second World War.The World Bank was created to promote long term poverty reduction and economic development by providing financial and technical support to member countries.This financial and technical support would help the countries to implement specific projects or to reform certain sectors of the economy. This assistance was given on a long term basis and the funds came from the contributions made by member countries.To a very large extent, these two financial institutions helped to give credence to the Bretton Woods Agreement and even after the agreement ceased to exist, these two institutions were not dissolved.They exist until today, carrying out their main objectives and helping to raise the financial strength of member nations.REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTThe Bretton Woods Agreement functioned for a while but in 1971 it had to be suspended due to the fact that the US gold supply was no longer enough to cover the number of dollars in circulation.Dollars convertibility into gold was suspended and by 1973 it was clear the Bretton Woods system has already collapsed.This gave the member countries the freedom to choose any kind of exchange arrangement for their currencies but they were still not permitted to peg the value of the currency to the price of gold.You may be wondering what lead to the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, below are some reasons for the collapse.1. Increased Capital MobilityIt became more convenient for investors to move their capital from one country to the other in anticipation of a possible devaluation; this was not possible during the Gold Standard system.The release of a possible devaluation due to the pulling out of investors could easily trigger an economic crisis.This didnt favor member countries with weaker currencies and they were unwilling to take part in th e devaluation of the exchange rate in order to correct the anomalies of the balance of payment.This led to friction in the foreign exchange market and also international monetary system rigidity.2. The Burden on the United States Another reason for the collapse of the system was that since the design of the system was hinged on the military, the political and economic strength of the US, it meant that the US carried all the burden of the system.When it was obvious that industrial countries were already recovering well from the effect of the war on their economy, the United States wanted a revision of the arrangement, which would bring about a balanced partnership in the sharing of the burden.This move showed that the US was losing its influence in the system and this brought about fear of uncertainty among the members.As a matter of fact, the rise in inflation in the United States in 1965 was one of the major reasons for the collapse of the Bretton Woods Agreement. Source: Naked Capitalism3. Third-world Countries Emergence The emergence and involvement of the third-world and developing countries in the system caused some issues in the system.These countries were not part of the original conference which held in 1944 and their emergence meant that a lot of things had to be changed.4. Improper Exchange Rates AdjustmentsThe inability of Bretton Woods to make adjustments to the exchange rates as relative costs changed was another major reason why it collapsed. This led to many balance of trade payment crises.These crises revealed the dangers of solely relying on the US balance of payment.CONCLUSIONThe Bretton Woods Agreement was a collaborative effort to save for the worlds economic fallout due to the damaging effects of the World War.Its success was hinged on the ability of a single nation to take the lead and other nations willing to follow for the sake of a common goal.

Design Decisions For Understanding Software Architecture

Comparison of Different Architectural Styles Arpita P.Biswas Student Rahul Maheshwari Student Prof. Hema Gaikwad Asst. Professor SICSR SICSR SICSR Abstract: Software architecture is important because of communication among stakeholders, Design decisions for understanding software, transferable design of a system. Software architecture represents a common design of a system that most if not all of the system s stakeholders can use as a basis for mutual understanding, negotiation, agreement, and communication. Software architecture manifests the earliest design decisions about a system, and these early bindings carry weight .It is also the earliest point at which design decisions governing the system to be built can be analyzed. Software architecture constitutes a relatively small, intellectually understandable model for how a system is structured and how its elements work together, and this model is transferable across systems. There are different types of architectural styles: Distributed architecture, data flow architecture, implicit asynchronous architecture, data centered architecture, hierarchical architecture and interacti on oriented architecture. This paper compares all the architectural styles and aspects of comparison are category, styles, advantages, disadvantages, examples. Keywords: Distributed Architecture, Data Flow Architecture, Implicit AsynchronousShow MoreRelatedDesign And Structure Of A Computer System1307 Words   |  6 Pages464 –Software Architecture Assignment-01 B.Vivekanand Cwid: 802327106 1. Architecture: The overall design or structure of a computer system with hardware and the software required to run it. (Or) A fundamental design of computer hardware, software, or both. 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Charles Robert Darwins Life and Accomplishments - 2542 Words

Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist who was born in Shrewsbury, England on February 12, 1809. He was the second youngest of six children. Before Charles Darwin, there were many scientists throughout his family. His father, Dr. Robert Darwin, was a medical doctor, and his grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, was a well-known botanist. Darwin’s mother, Susannah Darwin, died when he was only eight years old. Darwin was a child that came from wealth and privilege and who loved to explore nature. In October 1825 at age sixteen, Darwin enrolled at Edinburgh University with his brother Erasmus. Two years later, Charles became a student at Christ’s College in Cambridge. His father wanted him to become a medical doctor, as he was, but since†¦show more content†¦Darwin believed all plants and animals had changed from past families by natural selection. An example of natural selection would be the different coloration between beetles (Understanding Evolution, 2008 ). There are two different colored beetles, one is brown and the other is green. Since the environment cannot have an overpopulation, the green beetles will get consumed by birds and not be able to survive and reproduce as much as the brown beetles. The brown beetles have offspring because the trait has a genetic basis. When they produce more offspring, they become more common in the environment and if this process continues, the population of beetles will be mostly brown. Certain characteristics are innate within a species which help them reproduce and survive more than other species with no such inborn characteristics. These species will become more favorable and most common in the population. Darwin’s theory of natural selection favors organisms that are prone to adapting well to the environment, it makes it easy to pass on their genes stabilizing the population and making it stronger. Species begin to die out according to, what Darwin calls, survival of the fittest. Darwin’s â€Å"Survival of the Fittest† theory is a natural process resulting in the development of a species best adapted to the environment. This is when the species only the species that are best adapted the environment and its conditions are able to survive and reproduce. If they are notShow MoreRelatedCharles Robert Darwin and his Revolutionary Ideas1111 Words   |  5 Pages Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. Charles was one of six children and came from a long line of scientists. His grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, created the theory of evolution and his father, Dr. Robert Waring Darwin, was a well known medical doctor in his community. When Charles was 16, in 1825, his father sent him to Edinburgh University to study medicine, in hopes that Charles would also become a medical doctor. However, three years into hisRead MoreCharles Darwin And Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1489 Words   |  6 Pagesubiqui tous phenomenon theorized by none other than Charles Darwin, a prestigious naturalist and biologist. This venerable man was able to unveil many revelations regarding variability through the development of his theory of natural selection (Darwin and Huxley xii). Having an inherent adoration toward nature as a young child likely provided a significant incentive. Though Darwin’s thesis is not immaculate by any standards he lived a successful life beyond this critical discovery and his legacy existsRead MoreThe Origin of Species1246 Words   |  5 Pagesof Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life was written by an English naturalist and geologist, Charles Darwin, and it overcame the scientific rejection that earlier similar theories had faced. Leading up to his publication during the Protestant Reformation Darwin went on a five-year-long voyage on the HMS Beagle as company to Captain Robert FitzRoy and kept a dairy of his experiences which would later be used as the bases of his book. TheRead MoreEssay on The Life and Theories of Charles Darwin1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Life and Theories of Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin was the fifth child of Robert Waring Darwin and Susannah Wedgewood. He was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England where his father practiced medicine. He attended Shrewsbury Grammar School which was a well-kn own secondary school which concentrated on teaching classic languages. Even as a boy Darwin loved science and his enthusiasm for chemical studies earned him the name Gas from his friends. The headmasterRead MoreEssay about Charles Darwins Life and Revolutionary Work1293 Words   |  6 PagesCharles Darwin by far, revolutionized biology as known to modern society. He is responsible for the theory of evolution that people of today still go by. He was born on February 12, 1809 in England as the fifth child into the family of Dr. Robert and Susannah Darwin. He had three older sisters and one older brother. Because of his father’s success as a physician, and his mother coming from the Wedgewood family fortune, the Darwin family was considered well-off. Robert Darwin worked many great hoursRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution And Natural Selection2114 Words   |  9 PagesCharles Darwin Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England, on February 12, 1809. He died on April 19, 1882 in Kent, England (Biography.com Editors). Charles Darwin brought many revolutionary visions to the world of science, including evolution. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist. He is best known for his theory of evolution, and natural selection. Darwin learned most of his information on the Voyage of the Beagle, and from this trip he wrote a book, Of the Origin of SpeciesRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology3461 Words   |  14 Pagesfuture I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.† — Charles Darwin While psychology of today follows the discipline’s rich and varied history, the origins of psychology show incomparable differences from the modern understanding of the field. From the beginning, psychology has been tested and bombarded withRead More Organic Evolution Essay3270 Words   |  14 Pageslike animals, and we are animals. The many theories of evolution such as Darwins theory of evolution prove to us that we choose to believe that we are not animals when we really are. Evolution is the sequencial process of change over periods of time, which shapes and establishes the formation of modern man. In referring to evolution, the word means various changes. Evolution refers to the fabrication and development of life on earth. Organic evolution is the concept that all living beings evolvedRead MoreA Short History of Nearly Everything6112 Words   |  25 Pagesstate of science books used within his school.[2] [edit] Contents Bryson describes graphically and in laypersons terms the size of the universe, and that of atoms and subatomic particles. He then explores the history of geology and biology, and traces life from its first appearance to todays modern humans, placing emphasis on the development of the modern Homo sapiens. Furthermore, he discusses the possibility of the Earths being struck by a meteor, and reflects on human capabilities of spotting aRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of American Hegemony4258 Words   |  18 PagesSome Related Literature Table of contents ABSTRACT 1 MAIN PAPER I. INTRODUCTION 2 II. EMPIRICAL LITERATURE REVIEW 3 III. DISCUSSION 7 IV. CONCLUSION 11 REFERENCES â€Æ' ABSTRACT Scholars like Johan Galtung, Robert Gilpin and Noam Chomsky greatly influenced the background ideas of this paper. Most of the cases the author argues come and are mostly based from the books of the said scholars. Galtung discusses most of the points that are crucial to this paper

Lsi †Gm591 Leadership and Organization Behavior Free Essays

LSI GM591 Leadership and Organization Behavior September 9, 2011 According to my LSI, my Primary personal thinking style is avoidance at 80% and my back-up personal thinking style is affiliative at 75%. I agree with my primary personal thinking style, avoidance and my back-up personal thinking style, affiliative. With the avoidance style, I can live life more positively and I can confront the people that cause my distress. We will write a custom essay sample on Lsi – Gm591 Leadership and Organization Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the affiliative style, I can acquire stronger interpersonal skills that will help form healthy relationships. Some of the statements about avoidance are true about me, while others aren’t. Example of true statements are: having few strong interests, having difficulty making decisions, uncomfortable discussing feelings and self-doubting and self-blaming. Some of the false statements are: lacking initiative, having difficulty establishing relationships, preoccupied with my own concerns, recently experienced something traumatic and feeling overwhelmed by circumstances. If you tally the true and false statements up, then you would see that I have more false statements than true ones, which tells me that I am less avoidance-oriented now. However, if you look at the definition of avoidance, as avoiding situations that may cause distress, then I would be a more avoidance-oriented person. When I get upset with a friend or family member, then I tend to shut down completely and avoid them for a few days till I am able to discuss what is wrong with me. I also agree with the affiliative style being my back-up personal thinking style because I don’t have a hard time meeting people, I don’t lack effectiveness at work, I don’t avoid group activities, I am able to relax around people and I don’t feel unimportant or disliked. I might feel lonely sometimes, but everyone does at one point or another. Being in the affiliative style benefits me with being liked and feeling a sense of belonging. I would identify achievement as limiting personal thinking style because it was my lowest scoring percentile at 21%. Being achievement-oriented involves recognizing where your efforts make a difference, deciding on a desired outcome, and setting specific goals to help you accomplish it. I would say that my achievement style is lowered because I feel like my efforts makes little differences, I on’t set goals, and I lack interest. However, I don’t lack initiative at work, I take responsibility for my actions and I don’t blame other people for my problems. In school I don’t do homework to achieve or excel, I just do it to get it done and hopefully pass. My dependent, approval, and conventional personal thinking styles all being at 69% percentile could be preventing me from being an achiever. Fo r me to become more achievement-oriented I need to start pleasing myself and stop focusing on what I think I should be doing and instead do what is important to me. I am not a manager yet, but I am pursuing that degree and field now. After reviewing my LSI and learning what it all means, I am going to have a hard time achieving a manager type persona. I think that a manager needs to be encouraging and have a high percentile in the humanistic-encouraging style and mine is only at 25%. I am not uncomfortable with interacting with others, nor do I lack close relationships, nor do I have a problem working in groups. However, I do have a difficult time communicating in terms of speaking in public and telling people what do to or how to do something. Improving my humanistic-encouraging style will improve my ability to lead, manage and teach. Looking back now, it’s weird to see some connections with my growing up strategies with certain personal thinking styles. I remember my mom never making me do any homework or bribing me with rewards if I got all A’s or anything like that, so I have a feeling that had an affect on why I don’t feel a big need to be more achievement-oriented. When my mom got upset with my brother, and me she would just run to her room and I guess, â€Å"avoid† us. So, now when I am upset with a friend, I â€Å"run† away and let it just pass by. My mom was always encouraging me to do things and always said that I can do whatever I put my mind to, so I don’t know why my encouraging style is in the lower percentile. I have learned a lot about myself while taking and reviewing my LSI results. This exercise made me aware of knew things about myself, while letting me admit to myself some other things. For example, I had a feeling I had avoidance problems, but taking this survey and it finding out that information made me think that it is actually real and hurting me more than I thought. I would love to improve my avoidance personal thinking style. How to cite Lsi – Gm591 Leadership and Organization Behavior, Papers

Martin Scorsese free essay sample

Since the dawn of filmmaking, directors have used their personal experiences to influence their films. They try to evoke some form of emotion out of the viewer based off of something that they find very familiar to them. Martin Scorsese’s Italian heritage helped to shape his directorial style in films. Martin Scorsese was constantly surrounded by all things Italian. He was born on November 17, 1942 in Corona, Queens, New York (LoBrutto, 11). He lived in Corona, an Italian dominated suburb of New York. His parents decided to move there because they wanted their children to escape â€Å"the constant exposure to life’s realities on the Lower East Side† (LoBrutto, 11). Corona seemed like a little Sicily in New York to Scorsese. Scorsese lived near many of his aunts and uncles, which he enjoyed because he loved having his family around. Some of his family members have made cameos in a few of his films. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Scorsese or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Scorsese had developed asthma at the age of three. At the time, doctors knew little information about asthma and how to treat it. People in the Italian-American community had the belief that asthma sufferers brought it upon themselves psychologically, and saw people who had it as â€Å"weak, sensitive, and sickly† (LoBrutto, 13). Martin Scorsese’s doctor advised his parents to keep him indoors and to have him avoid anything that would get him too excited. In Vincent LoBrutto’s book Martin Scorsese: A Biography, He quotes that Scorsese’s doctor said â€Å"Keep them quiet and calm. They are emotionally charged, ‘high strung’ and any exposure to extreme situations could trigger an attack. They must be protected from the dangers in the air they breathe and the uncertainties outside of the controlled environment of their home† (LoBrutto, 13). His parents were very reliant on the doctor’s words. Scorsese was stuck inside the walls of his house for most of his childhood, rather than outside playing in his backyard. He felt isolated and under constant watch. Because of his disposition, Scorsese began to develop a growing interest in art and movies (Lipton). Instead of playing sports, Martin would be taken to the movie theatres by his parents or brother. Because of his growing fascination for films, young Scorsese started making his own storyboards, shot by shot illustrations similar to that of a comic strip (Lipton). From that time in his life, he knew he had a passion for cinema. â€Å"Martin Scorsese’s view from his room onto the world of the street was so limited that the height and width of the open window became the aspect ratio for the films he would make, even before he knew he was going to be a filmmaker† (Lobrutto, 25). Today, he sees what a large role his asthma had on putting him in the path that lead to the successful career he has now. Martin Scorsese went to New York University, where he studied film. Some of his early works include Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Who’s That Knocking at My Door? and Mean Streets. Mean Streets, the most critically acclaimed of the three, is considered an autobiographical movie about Scorsese. It recreates life on the streets where Scorsese grew up. This film was about his home, the kinds of people he knew and the music he listened to (Lipton). The movie addresses his life in â€Å"Little Sicily†, New York, and the Roman Catholic religion. Charlie, the main character, seems like a mirror image of Scorsese. Charlie is a very religious person who is content with Little Sicily and all that is in it. He simply wants to get ahead in life and help people like his best friend Johnny Boy, which he believes might act as a sort of penance for the sins he commits in his daily life (Ebert). Scorsese’s exposure to gangsters and priests, and how everybody respected the priests most in the town have had a great influence on the films he creates. His stern belief that priests could attain â€Å"the quickest route to salvation from original and accumulated sins† (Lobrutto, 33), led him to pursue priesthood; but after a failed attempt at giving up movies for Lent, and getting kicked out of a seminary, this aspiration quickly died. His films, however, often address the issue of religion and God, and his protagonists frequently find themselves at the point of â€Å"redemption†. Taxi Driver one of Martin’s biggest early success, displays this struggle between goodness and sin, and is considered Martin’s first big success as a professional director. He considers this film as â€Å"a film that came from the heart† (Scorsese).

What If Your Grad School Recommendation Is Missing

What If Your Grad School Recommendation Is Missing Recommendation letters are a vital part of your application to graduate school. All applications require multiple letters of recommendation from professionals, typically faculty members, who evaluate your capacity for graduate-level work. Selecting faculty to approach and soliciting recommendation letters is challenging. Applicants usually breathe a sigh of relief once several faculty  members have agreed to write on their behalf. Asking Is Not Enough Once you have obtained your letters, do not rest on your laurels. Stay aware of the status of your application, particularly whether each program has received your recommendation letters. Your application will not be read- not one word will pass the admission committees eyes- until it is complete. Your application is not complete until all recommendation letters are received. Most graduate programs notify students of the status of their applications. Some send emails to students with incomplete applications. Many have online tracking systems that permit students to log in and determine their status. Take advantage of opportunities to check up on your application. Recommendation letters do not always arrive on time- or at all. Now What? With admissions deadlines rapidly approaching, its up to you to ensure that your application is complete. If a recommendation letter is missing, you must approach the faculty member and give a gentle nudge. Many students find requesting recommendation letters difficult. Following up on late letters often is petrifying. Dont be afraid. Its a stereotype, but often true: Many faculty  members are tardy. They are late to class, late returning student work, and late in sending recommendation letters. Professors may explain that graduate programs expect faculty letters to be late. That may be true (or not)- its your job to ensure that your letters arrive on time. You cant control the faculty members behavior, but you can offer gentle reminders. Email the faculty member and explain that the graduate program contacted you because your application is incomplete as they have not received all of your recommendation letters. Most faculty will immediately apologize, perhaps say that they forgot, and promptly send it. Others may not check their email or reply to your message. If the professor does not answer email, your next step is to call. In many cases, you will have to leave a voicemail. Identify yourself- clearly, state your name. Explain that you are following up to request a recommendation letter be present because the graduate program has not received it. Leave your phone number by speaking slowly and clearly. Thank the professor, then leave your phone number and name again (speak slowly and clearly). When you speak to the professor, be factual (e.g., the admissions coordinator says the letter has not been received) and be courteous. Do not accuse the faculty member of being late or of trying to undermine your application. The fact is that he or she probably simply forgot to Remember that you want your professor to be a good move and think highly of you as he or she writes your letter, so be polite and deferential. Follow Up After you have reminded faculty your job is not done. Follow up with the graduate programs. Its up to you to ensure that your application is complete. Some faculty might tell you that they will send the letter soon, but they again may fall victim to tardiness. Check up. You might find a week or two later that the letter still has not arrived. Again remind the professor. This time email and call. It isnt fair, but the reality is that some faculty, though they mean well, do not send recommendation letters on time. Be aware of this and do your best to ensure that your graduate application is complete and on time.

5 Simple Steps to Snag Book Endorsements from a Marketing MBA

5 Simple Steps to Snag Book Endorsements from a Marketing MBA 5 Simple Steps to Snag Book Endorsements from a Marketing MBA Growing you book sales isnt easy. In fact, youre probably doing it incorrectly already.This post will show you how to market your book for growth.But if you want to know  all the ins-and-outs of self-publishing a book, including how to write, market, and publish your book within 90 dayswe highly recommend watching your free training first.How to get book endorsementsEndorsements are a very powerful form of social proof and trust-builder for potential readers of your book.Endorsements alone might not make your book a bestseller, but they’ll give you an advantage over other books that don’t have them.I was able to leverage my endorsement by a top influencer to promote my book on social media, on my website, and even on webinars and speaking engagements.You could place endorsements or â€Å"blurbs† on the back cover of your book, the praise sheet, or even the front cover, as you can see from my endorsement example below.But, how do you get top influencers to suppo rt your book? Here are five simple steps to get endorsements for your book.#1 Find the right influencersThe most powerful endorsements are those given by people who are well-known in your field. To select the right influencers, find out who your ideal readers admire. Post the question on targeted social media groups or ask them directly.Also, ask yourself what top influencers you follow and respect. Add their names to the list.Focus on quality over quantity, but if you don’t have enough names, search for bestselling books similar to yours and check out who endorsed them.It’s important that the influencers have a style and values similar to yours. That way, your ideal reader will be likely to be attracted to them and be familiar with their work.How do you figure out the style and values of potential endorsers? Start by visiting the â€Å"About Me† page on their website and pay attention to their branding and message. Then, visit their social media pages and focu s on the style of their posts and the content they share. You’ll get a good idea of whether the person’s values and style might be a good match for you or not.#3 Deliver value firstBecause its much easier to get a yes from someone who has already received value from you, its important that you start planning your request for endorsements in advance.For blurbs by top influencers, you might need to start the outreach process several months ahead of the publication of your book.Regardless of where you are in your journey, there’s always a way for you to bring value to the influencers and start a relationship with them.Something as simple as sending them a handwritten note about how much their message means to you, posting a video review of their book on Amazon, or recommending them on LinkedIn will help you stand out.Here are other examples of powerful ways to stand out: becoming an active member on the influencers’ social media groupsattending one of their conferencesjoining one of their paid programsYou should do this because you truly enjoy their message and not just because youre seeking endorsements. Your true intentions will come through in your communications and behaviors.Avoid going straight to the ask without having taken the time to deliver value first.#4 Prepare to askBefore you reach out to potential endorsers, do everything you can to make it as easy as possible for them to say yes.Prepare well in advance so you can find the best opportunities to ask for the endorsement, and give yourself enough time to get through gatekeepers.For example, if the influencer will be speaking at an event in your town, you could grab a ticket and introduce yourself. However, local events aren’t your only choice. One of my friends was interested in building a relationship with an influencer who would be speaking three thousand miles away.But that didnt stop her. By following the influencer on Instagram, she learned that this person l oved brownies and would be attending the event with her husband. My friend ordered a dozen brownies to be delivered to the event with a customized note that read, â€Å"Best wishes during your presentation. Hope you and your husband enjoy these treats!† That was the start of their friendship.As part of your preparation, write a sample endorsement for each influencer. Blurs usually hover around 50 words (never more than 100). If you know their work well, you will be able to create blurbs that closely match their writing voice. #5 Ask for the endorsementIt might feel nerve-wracking to ask, but never wrong. If youre hesitant, it might be too soon in the relationship, especially when it comes to top influencers. If you ask too soon, they will either ignore you or reject your proposal.Rushing might mean that you’ll have to start the process all over again and find someone else to endorse your book.Never send a mass request to a group of influencers. You’ll waste you r time, and hurt your chances of ever building a relationship with them. Customization is key.Send the influencers a copy of your book along with a well-crafted message asking for the endorsement.Ideally, you’ll send them a physical copy. It doesnt have to be the final version, and it doesnt have to be perfect. It can be a printed PDF.That said, you must ensure that whatever you send to the influencer is professionally packaged. If sending a physical version of your book is not possible, you can send them the PDF or ebook, but you’ll have to ask in a way that stands out. You could achieve this by customizing your message in a unique way, creating a video specifically designed for them, or preceding your email with a handwritten note.Think outside the box! A video card or a note written on a balloon would be clever ways to stand out, too.Be succinct. Remember that time is a high-price commodity for influencers (for everyone!) so you dont want to make it a chore to under stand what youre asking.Start by expressing why you feel theyre the right person to endorse the book and why you respect them so much. Be sure to mention that you’re eager to make your readers aware of their work. Next, specify the length of the blurb youre seeking as well as by when you need it done. Dont make your deadline too far in the future so that its put in the back burner, but dont make it so soon that the influencer will immediately say no. I personally chose 3-4 weeks to collect the blurbs.Be prepared to negotiate an extended due date, and allow for extra time in your planning.When you share the blurb that you wrote, explain that youre just trying to make things easy for them.Express how much you appreciate their time and attention, and close with the promise to follow up in a week or two.Following Up for Book EndorsementsIf you dont hear back from the influencers, its easy to assume theyre not interested in writing the endorsement and be tempted to give up. Howeve r, its important to realize that they might have not received your message yet.Emails go to spam folders. Gatekeepers delete emails and toss out mail. You never know!When you follow up, try a different way to reach the person. If you used email first, follow up with a handwritten note or a message on social media.If you find out the name of the influencers’ gatekeepers, reach out to them directly. Build a relationship with them as well, and you will have a great chance of success.My rule of thumb is to follow up three times. If you dont hear from them, it might be time to move on.As you can see, with a well-written manuscript, proper planning, and a great dose of authenticity, its possible for you to get endorsements from top influencers in your field.The most important step is to take action. Its easy to be sidelined by fear of rejection, but if you think about it, the worst thing that can happen is that they’ll say no. If youre confident in the quality of your book, you have nothing to fear. Take the first step today to gain powerful social proof and make your book a success!

Cystic fibrosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cystic fibrosis - Essay Example It is possible that several hundred different mutations of the gene exist than can cause cystic fibrosis. The gene was discovered in 1989. The underlying defect stems from a mutation in a gene on the long arm (q) of chromosome 7. The protein product acts as a chloride channel. It is called the cystic fibrosis trans membrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This controls the cellular transport of sodium chloride and water. It is inherited and is a recessive gene. Some may be unique to certain families so testing of families in which the disease is present may yield results that will help to determine the specific mutation. People having this disease in the past were not expected to live long enough to reach adulthood but improved diagnoses and treatment now allows them to live even beyond fifty years of age. The usual form of death is from respiratory failure. In normal people chloride the chloride and sodium that is presented in sweat are reabsorbed by epithelial cells in the sweat dust as the sweat finds its way to the surface of the skin. In people with cystic fibrosis the defective gene inhibits the reabsorbing of chloride and sodium ions resulting in an excess of sodium chloride or very salty sweat. In normal people, the function of respiratory tract epithelial cells is to transport chloride ions into the lumen thereby maintaining the adequate hydration of mucus. In the respiratory tract of persons with cystic fibrosis there is a reduction of the secretion of sodium ions and water caused from the inability of epithelial cell membranes to influence the hydration of mucus. Consequently the mucus becomes very thick. This mucus affects the clearance of irritation and micro-organisms from the lungs. The following events occur in the lungs. Genetic testing is now available. Cells are collected from inside the cheek of patients and then examined for the

Consulting in Business Analysis Personal Statement

Consulting in Business Analysis - Personal Statement Example I need to understand how businesses work around the globe and how environmental changes have their ever increasing impact on them. Recent financial turmoil introduced me to concepts like coupling of economies, of which I could only make out that it’s the way performance of one economy is linked with the performance of other economies, and how did this overall series of events in America actually influence job scenario for people working in India or China was beyond my perspective. But that did intrigue me to explore further on how this would have influenced my business and my life, so in future when I will plan for my business I should be able to understand that what all such events would portend for me. But apart from quenching this curiosity, the overarching objective was to set up my own business after 5-6 years of corporate experience within my preferred industry. So the obvious choice where all these issues seemed to converge was an MBA degree from a reputed university bu t as most of such universities look for some experience so job eligibility before MBA became the midterm objective and for that, I would have needed a graduate degree in business management. The foundation course figured as a short run objective for that. If I were to spell out my exact expectations from the course then I must admit that I did not have much idea about it. I knew only one thing that it would act as a bridge to my future studies and as a student, my objective from this course was more or less passing with good grades. But the objective did not remain just what it was before joining the course, as exposure to seminars, book reading, assignments, portfolio all changed my thoughts. My preoccupation with just marks waned and other important aspects of attending the course started surfacing.

Comparing Prejudice in Native Son, Black Boy and American Hunger Essay

Exposing Prejudice in Native Son, Black Boy and American Hunger  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There have been many writings based on the mutual prejudice that exists between blacks and whites, especially in the era of slavery and during the Civil Rights movement.   Wright was the first black American author to address such an issue, relating it to ideas of alienation, the separation of blacks and whites in social ideas, communism, and separation from religious ideas.   Wright’s works (his novel Native Son, along with his autobiographies Black Boy and American Hunger) deal with many themes common in American literature, all the while maintaining sight of his intent to expose the unjust prejudice between blacks and whites.      Although Wright's characters often appear to be young blacks who have issues with white America, Wright is striking out against America in general.   Society’s treatment of blacks is a reflection of society itself, thus ensuring the black man’s hatred for the white man and everything he stands for.   The blacks feel totally justified by this.   They have had their identities taken from them, been forced to be second-class citizens if citizens at all, and they are not going to take this abuse sitting down.   In Black Boy, merely the title begins by showing the reader of the abuse of the African-American.   By referring to the young man, and even the old man, as "boys", Wright shows that these men have no identities and are lower class citizens not worth referring to by name.   These "boys" are human beings, yet they are seen as animals trapped forever in isolation an... ...gan, Rayford W. and Michael R. Winston.   Dictionary of American Negro Biography.   New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1982.   671-673. Marcus, Steven.   Appiah 35-45. McCall, Dan.   "Wright's American Hunger."   Appiah 259-268. Stepto, Robert.   "Literacy and Ascent: Black Boy."   Appiah, 226-254. Tanner, Laura E.   "Uncovering the Magical Disguise of Language: The Narrative Presence in Richard Wright's Native Son."   Appiah 132-146. Thaddeus, Janice.   "The Metamorphosis of Black Boy."   Appiah 272-284. Wright, Richard.   American Hunger.   New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., 1977. ---.   Black Boy.   Ed. Ellen Wright.   New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 1993. ---.   Native Son.   Ed. Ellen Wright.   New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.   1993.   

Constructivism

Introduction Russian architecture since the eleventh century up to the early 20th century was predominantly religious. For many centuries, churches were the only buildings that were constructed out of stone. However, the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the influence of the Suprematism movement of 1915 brought about the birth of Constructivism, the modernistic architectural style of Russia from 1924-1932. The brief period that followed the 1917 Revolution marked the beginning of the influence of the avant-garde Constructivist movement in the structure and design of major buildings.It enjoyed a short popularity until the late 1920s when it was repudiated by the more conservative Stalinist-era architecture. The principles of Constructivism theory come from three main art movements that evolved in Europe during the early part of the 20th century: Russian Suprematism, Dutch Des Stijl, or Neo Plasticism, and the Bauhaus in Germany . Historical Backdrop The Russian Revolution of 1917 In earl y 20th century Russia, particularly in 1917, there was a series of revolutions that eventually destroyed the autocracy of the Tsar.This series of revolutions led by the workers of Russia under their leader Vladimir Lenin was known as the Russian Revolution. The February Revolution in March of 1917 focused on St. Petersburg. During this time, the Soviets, or workers' councils, delegated to the members of the Imperial Parliament the task of governing Russia and overthrowing Nicholas II, the Tsar during that time and the last of the Tsars. Meanwhile, the Soviets, led by the socialists or Bolsheviks, had the full allegiance of the lower-class citizens and workers as well as the political left. The Bolsheviks then formed workers militias.In the October Revolution that followed, the Bolshevik party under the command of their leader Vladimir Lenin, as well as the workers' councils, overthrew the Provisional Government in St. Petersburg. Eventually, the success of the revolution paved the w ay for the birth of the USSR. After this series of events, peasants took over the lands previously owned by the vassals and redistributed land. This also marked the beginning of communal existence especially among the working classes, which led to the building of several constructivist buildings to house the first ommunities and to promote the ideology of communism. The Suprematism Movement of 1915 Suprematism is the main ideology in art that inspired Constructivism, which is the predominant architectural style of Russia during the period from 1924 to 1932. Suprematism lasted from 1915 to 1935 and is regarded as the first systematic school of modernism based on purely abstract pictorial compositions and geometric figures. It is a Russian art movement which was originally founded in Moscow in 1913 by the Russian painter Kazimir Malevich.Malevich advocated Suprematism as he believed that this is the perfect way â€Å"to liberate art from the ballast of the representational world. â⠂¬  He himself did this by producing art consisting of geometrical shapes flatly painted on the surface of the canvass. The goal of Suprematism is pure sensation and the pictorial space should be emptied of all symbolic content as in Surrealism. Malevich believed that art has to be â€Å"decongested and cleared† in order to show a new reality where the most important thing is thought as well as sensation.Malevich's Suprematism was also heavily influenced by the then avant-garde movements in art such as Cubism and Futurism. Suprematism, considering that it was based on Malevich's spiritual beliefs, was regarded as non-objective and apolitical. Aside from its use of only geometric shapes as the ones demonstrated by constructivist forms of architecture, Suprematism also emphasized the use of a limited colour range, which explains the overall appearance of constructivist buildings.The Beginnings and Golden Age of Constructivism The development of Suprematism led to the movement toward a non-objective art, or art without a subject, in architecture. During the early years of Constructivism, the Russian modernists or avant-garde started embracing Cubism and Futurism, which were two of the major sources of influence of Constructivism. Cubism was a 20th century modern movement popularized by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in France and other parts of Europe from 1907-1921.Futurism, on the other hand, started in Italy in 1910 and from 1920-1940 was used in the construction of buildings despite the opposition of the fascist state which favoured classical Roman imperial patterns. In 1913-1914, the Russian and Soviet architect and painter Vladimir Tatlin used industrial materials to make and exhibit a number of relief constructions. He was inspired by Italian futurist Umberto Boccioni's dream of â€Å"plastic configurations in space† and Pablo Picasso's 3D collages, both of which he described by using the term Constructivism.Vladimir Tatlin was indeed the progenitor of this post-Revolutionary movement in architecture. The year 1921 marked the appearance of the first Constructivist manifesto after the formation of the First Working Group of Constructivists in Moscow. The key artists were Vladimir Tatlin, Kasmir Malevich, Liubov Popova, Aleksandr Rodchenko, Vavara Stepanova, Vasily Kandinsky, Naum Gabo, Antoine Pevsner, El Lissitzky. Actual constructivist theory and design practice began in 1922 in conjunction with the formulation of Vesnin brothers of the plan for the Palace of Labor, which was presented during a competition in 1922.However, actual building on a significant scale did not start until 1925 after the founding of the Union of Modern Architects, the official organization of the Russian Constructivist architects. By 1925, the first experimental office and residential buildings began their first appearance. Towards the end of 1925, the Constructivists of Russia formed their own organization as a response to the decision of t he Rationalists to establish the Association of New Architects, or ASNOVA, two years earlier in 1923.While the Rationalists and ASNOVA focused on their search for purely aesthetic abstract forms, the Constructivists and OSA (union of modern architecture) brought to life a novel, more practical architectural form, with reference to the purpose of the of the specific building, the materials used to construct it, its design and other conditions for production, and most of all the promotion of social development of Russia at that time. While the Rationalist emphasized the artistic or aesthetic side of architecture, the Constructivists favoured its functional aspect.The period from1927 to 1929 was considered the golden age of Russian avant-garde architecture. In these three years, a small group of Russian constructivist architects was able to build or plan the best-known buildings in the country. Among the structures built during this time were the Zuyev Club by Ilya Golosov, all the clu bs by Konstantin Melnikov and his house, Lenin's Mausoleum and the Narkomzem building by Aleksey Shchusev, Narkomfin by Ginzburg and Milinis, the Barshch's and Sinyavsky's Planetarium, and Nikolaev's communal house for students. The Concept of ConstructivismConstructivism, or Constructivist Art, is a term used to describe a type of non-representational, or totally abstract, relief construction, sculpture, painting, and kinetics. Constructivist buildings are usually ordered and often minimal, spatial, geometric, architectonic and experimental with how industrial material is used. Furthermore, constructivism combined engineering and advanced technology with a dominant Communist social purpose. The movement produced several pioneering projects as well as prominent buildings and structures before falling out of favour during the early 1930s.Early constructivist art and architecture, just like Communism, was idealistic and seeking a new order that dealt with various social and economic p roblems. The appearance of several constructivist buildings and monuments is characterized by an emphasis on geometrical shapes like rectangular solids and cylinders, often intersecting each other or demonstrating asymmetry. Limited colour range is another quality of constructivist buildings, with the choice of colour as flesh or white signifying simplicity in the communal society.Red was also a very popular choice of colour for the buildings and monuments like Lenin's Mausoleum as this colour was known to symbolize Communism. Both the geometrical emphasis and the limits in colour are characteristics of Constructivist Architecture brought about by the influence of Suprematism, which was the most dominant art movement in Russia at that time. German â€Å"Constructivism† or the Bauhaus Architecture, the German word â€Å"Bauhaus† literally means â€Å"House of Building† or â€Å"Building School. † It refers to a school in Germany famous for the style and de sign that it taught.It is a form of modernist architecture that was founded by Walter Gropius and existed in Germany, some parts of Europe, the United States, and Israel from 1919 to 1933. The Bauhaus was an architectural ideology similar to Russian Constructivism and existed at the same time that it did. As Constructivism lost its favour because of Stalinist Neoclassicism, the Bauhaus gradually became inactive as the Nazi rose to power. Just like Constructivist structures, Bauhaus buildings usually possess a cubic design and favour right angles owing to its geometrical figure.Nevertheless it may occasionally feature rounded corners as well as balconies. These buildings usually have an open floor plan and smooth facades. The Most Notable Constructivist Buildings The Rusakov Workers' Club. One of the most notable examples of constructivist architecture in Moscow is the Rusakov Workers' Club. It was designed by Konstantin Melnikov and was constructed from 1927 to 1928. On the outside, the club resembles a fan and in elevation, it is made up of a base and three cantilevered concrete areas for the seats.If the seating areas are combined, the building can seat over 1,000 people while each of these three cantilevered seating areas can be used as a separate auditorium. More conventional offices are found at the rear of the building. Moreover, the materials used in its construction are glass, concrete and brick. The constructivist identity of the building is expressed in its exterior, which the architect Melnikov himself described as a â€Å"tensed muscle. † On the outside, the three seating areas are seen as three large rectangular solids protruding from the walls of the building on the upper part.Melnikov naturally applied his own values to its construction by setting the Rusakov Workers' Club, as well as other clubs he had designed, against the hostile city rather than belonging to it by employing sharply distinctive forms to make the structure appear indivi dualist and unique against the general backdrop of urban buildings. Svoboda Factory Club, another constructivist building worth mentioning is the Svoboda Factory Club, or Maxim Gorky Palace of Culture. It was also Konstantin Melnikov who designed the building in 1927. It was completed two years later.For the general design of the Svoboda Factory Club, a conventional rectangular masonry block was used as a replacement for the original plan of using a flat elliptical tube, thus giving its design a constructivist spirit. The staircase was not curved but built straight, leaving the central rostrum column as the only curvilinear element in the structure. However, although the central rostrum column balances the left and right halves of the building, these halves are not identical with the north side end block significantly higher than the opposite one.This unique feature is a quality of the individualism of the constructivist movement. Nonetheless, the central rostrum hides such a discre pancy . Zuev Workers' Club, another prominent example of constructivist architecture is the Zuev Workers' Club in Moscow. The architect Ilya Golosov designed the structure in 1926 and it was finished after two years. The original function of the building was to house various facilities for the workers of Moscow.The innovative and unique glazing treatment at its corner and the facade formed from the dramatic â€Å"intersection of a cylindrical glazed staircase and a stack of rectangular floor planes† prove to be very photogenic and make the Zuev Workers' Club a symbol of Russian avant-garde architecture. These two unique qualities reflect a strong unique identity which is characteristic of Soviet Constructivism. The stack of rectangular floor planes has behind them a sequence of club rooms and open foyers that lead to a rectangular auditorium made up of 850 seats.Golosov, like Melnikov, was an enthusiast not for the logics but for the dynamic forms Constructivist design method s. In the Zuev Workers' Club, this is evident in the immensely powerful drama of the cylinder intersecting the flat planes . Narkomzem, also known as People's Commissariat of Agriculture, Narkomzem was another noteworthy example of avant-garde architecture in early 20th century Russia. The building, which is now used today as a working ministry, was designed by Aleksey Shchusev and was finished in 1933.The most striking constructivist feature of the building is its corner details where a rectangular plane intersects with the cylindrical edge. Aside from the corner details, the overall asymmetry and the ribbon window located on the top floor remain to be the most striking features of Narkomzem . Melnikov's House. The house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov, or simply known as Melnikov House, is one of the most notable examples of 20th century avant-garde architecture. It is located in Moscow and is located well away from the street.Melnikov House is a building made up of a combina tion of both Futuristic and Classical designs consisting of two interlocking cylinders with the rear one noticeably taller than the front. The structure is also perforated with some sixty identical elongated hexagonal windows provided with Constructivist glazing bars. The asymmetry in the cylinders and the uniquely designed hexagons are testaments to Melnikov's commitment to Constructivism. The cylinders are made from stucco-covered bricks similar to those used in Russian churches and on the facade are written the words KONSTANTIN MELNIKOV ARKHITECTOR .Narkomfin, another Russian building with constructivist design is the Narkomfin building. It was designed by the architects Ignaty Milinis and Moisei Ginzburg along with engineer Sergei Prokhorov. It was constructed from 1928 to 1930 for the purpose of providing apartments for the employees of the People's Commissariat of Finance, of the Narkomfin. The transitional, semi-communal apartment was supposed to introduce to the Soviet citiz en the communal way of life and to introduce communism into the heart of domestic life and prepare the citizens to fully live a communal existence .Narkomfin, for its constructivist elements, had a long elegant facade with several rows of horizontal windows. It was topped with the Commissar's penthouse making it look like and be called â€Å"the ship. † Upon its completion it turned out to be an ensemble composed of three buildings: the housing block, the communal block and a small laundry building. The Narkomfin has remained an icon of modernism in avant-garde architecture of Soviet Russia primarily because of these constructivist elements that make it stand out among the rest.The Narkomfin building was also known as the most perfectly realized building out of all the communal buildings constructed during the Constructivist Era or in the utopian years of the early Soviet Union. It was also considered the prototype for the modern European apartment blocks and housing estates. Now, the Narkomfin remains as a pilgrimage sites for historians and architects from all over the world. The Communal House (1920-1930) of the Textile Institute, or the Communal House for Textile Institute Students, in Moscow is considered Ivan Nikolaev's masterpiece and is another noteworthy architectural work of the Soviet constructivist era.Popularly called Nikolaev's House or The Hostel, the Communal House demonstrates the â€Å"dom kommuna,† or the 2000 adult apprentices shared cabins along an eight-storey block extending for a length of 200 meters. There was a creative mix of dining rooms and recreational spaces in the low block. The Communal House was actually built for textile students to live and study in while adopting a strict military communal fashion that starts with a wake-up call, and proceeds with exercise, shower, and study.The constructivist elements of the Communal House include half-round stair towers, the triangular staircase, and the vast rectangular vol umes as well as the asymmetry demonstrated by the uneven intersections of the various planes in the facade of the building. The Barshch's and Sinyavsky's Planetarium, or the Moscow Planetarium, was established on November 5, 1929 and is considered at present a centre of natural sciences. The planetarium is principally involved in reading public lectures and implementing scientific and artistic programs in cosmonautics and astronomy. In the observatory of he planetarium, one can watch the sunspots, the Moon, the planets and many other heavenly bodies with the use of a telescope. The Modern State of the Planetarium M. O. Barshch and M. I. Sinyavsky were responsible for the design of the planetarium and commenced the construction on September 23, 1928, the day of the autumnal equinox. The planetarium was actually one of the largest projection domes for any planetarium in the world, which makes this unique feature one of its most prominent characteristics as a symbol of avant-garde Sovi et architecture. However, its apex was only 4cm thick. Located in the former city of Leningrad, now St.Petersburg, the Red Banner Textile Factory was partially designed by the first foreign architect asked to design in the USSR, Erich Mendelsohn, in 1925 to 1926, and later designed by E. A. Tretyakov, S. O. Ovsyannikov, and Hyppolit Pretraeus until its completion in 1937. The Red Banner Textile Factory was a dynamic, futuristic large factory and was a most notable example of Soviet Constructivist architecture. The Red Banner Factory resembled a ship with the top part of it jutting out of the planes. There is also an asymmetry with the intersection of the cylindrical and rectangular sections of the building on the outside.These two constructivist features of the factory give it its unique identity and make it stand out. Notable Architects of Russia from 1924-1932 The Russian constructivist designer Vladimir Tatlin was considered the progenitor of Soviet Constructivism because of his revolutionary exhibits of relief constructions from 1913 to 1914. He was also responsible for the appearance of the Constructivist Manifesto in 1921 which paved the way for the first construction of a plan for a constructivist building in 1922 and the actual establishment of constructivist office and residence buildings in 1925.Tatlin trained at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as well as in the Penza Art School. It was after completing his formal studies that he joined a group of avant-garde painters and writers all over Russia. It was also during this period that he formulated several designs for a theater and participated in exhibitions. Konstain Melnikov was one of the big names in Soviet constructivist architecture, being the architect behind the Rusakov Workers' Club, the Svoboda Factory Club and his own Melnikov House.Melnikov apprenticed as an engineer after attending the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. He studied architecture from 1912 to 1917 and it became his passion although he initially studied painting in 1905. As a romanticist and a supporter of Communism, Melnikov was an architect who had independence of mind and rejected the principle of â€Å"method† in design and instead focused on â€Å"intuition† as the most essential factor in expressing the social and symbolic meaning of an architectural form such as a building.In his works, Melnikov struggled to combine Classicism and Leftist Modernism and often designed his architectural masterpieces with explicit and symbolic historicism. A leader of Constructivism from 1925 to 1931, Ilya Golosov was the Russian architect responsible for the design of the Zuyev Workers' Club in Moscow and communal housing in Ivanovo. Just like Tatlin and Melnikov, Golosov studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculture and Architecture. However, he also studied in the Stroganov School of Arts.His main impression with the works of the Vesnin brothers made him join the constructivist organization, or the OSA Group in 1925, and from then on he started designing his masterpieces. However, although Golosov was a champion of Constructivist architecture, he regarded the architectural philosophy of Constructivism only as ideal for exterior decoration but not for wholesomeness in terms of functional style. These contrasting views of his regarding Constructivism eventually made him abandon the avant-garde form of architecture in 1932 and settled for neoclassical architecture in his works, hence from Soviet Constructivism to Soviet Realism.Another name in the Soviet Constructivist architects hall of fame is Ivan Nikolaev. He was famous for the constructivist design and even the formulation of the rules and regulations of the Communal House of the Textile Institute built from 1929 to 1931. He devised a rather rigid and Communist procedure for the members of the training institute which was supposed to be followed through every single day: a wa ke-up call, exercise, shower and study. In addition Nikolaev was also famous for his modernist campus of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute.He, however, abandoned his constructivist beliefs in order to adopt Stalinist architecture. Another prominent name in avant-garde Soviet architecture of early 20th century Russia was Aleksey Shchusev. Shchusev was responsible for the constructivist designs of the Kazan Railway Station, the Narkomzem, or Agriculture Ministry, building in Moscow, and most important of all, Lenin's Mausoleum on Red Square, which he designed only in a stunning period of three days. Another one of his constructivist designs was the Institute of Resorts in Sochi, which he designed from 1927 to 1931.Shchusev was tasked to design many more buildings after 1932 and some say that he was even the originator of Gothic skyscrapers in Moscow. Shchusev studied at the Imperial Academy of Arts from 1891 to 1897 and his travels to North Africa and Central Asia from 1894 to 18 99 may have somehow influenced his partial non-adherence to pure Constructivism. It is also worth mentioning that even before Shchusev designed buildings, he was already tasked to restore church and to design a cathedral during the first ten years of the 20th century.His restoration of the St. Basil Church in Ukraine, his designs for the Trinity Cathedral in Pochayiv Lavra, and the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent in Moscow made him one of the best and most versatile architects of his time. The expressionist architect Erich Mendelsohn was a German Jewish architect and the first foreign architect who was allowed by the USSR to work for them. In 1926, he partially designed the Red Flag Textile Factory in St. Petersburg. The constructivist design of the exterior of the factory made it resemble a ship.This particular masterpiece of Mendelsohn is similar to the Mossehaus, which he himself designed in Berlin. He also designed the rear view of the Einstein Tower in Potsdam and the Cohen House in Lo ndon, all of which had designs similar to that of Soviet Constructivism. Mendelsohn studied architecture at the Technical University of Berlin and the Technical University of Munich, where he graduated cum laude in 1812. His initial work before he became an international architectural designer was as an independent architect in Munich.One of the champions of Russian Constructivism, not necessarily for his actual works but for his theories, was the name Yakov Chernikhov. Perhaps Chernikhov's only actual architectural achievement was the Red Nail Maker's Factory, or Red Carnation Factory, built in St. Petersburg from 1930 to 1931. The rest of Chernikhov's fame is attributed to his written works. Chernikhov studied at the Odessa Art School where he taught drawing and sketching years later, and at the Academy of Arts at St. Petersburg where he graduated in 1925. He then joined the Constructivist movement and instead of concentrating on the actual ractice of his profession, he wrote and published a series of books which showcased his constructivist architectural fantasies: Fundamentals of Modern Architecture, written from 1929 to 1930; Construction of Architectural and Machine Forms, written in 1931; and Architectural Fantasies: 101 Compositions, written in 1933. These three books did not only make him famous all over the world but also became a source of inspiration to many generations of architects. He had five more books published from 1934 to 1948. Decline of ConstructivismA competition for a grandiose project for the Palace of the Soviets was held in 1932. The constructivists joined the competition with their best entries. However, there was an ever-growing criticism of Modernism as that time, and this affected as well all the Soviet Constructivism. The winning entry was therefore not constructivist but an eclectic Stalinist architecture project by Boris Iofan. By the end of the 1920s, Constructivism was eventually replaced by Post constructivism, which featur ed buildings designed in a composite style and bore close resemblance to Neoclassicism.